As firmware-level threats continue to gain popularity in the wild, security teams need to understand how these threats work and the real-world risks they pose to an organization’s security. Updated for 2025, this paper demystifies the most common types of firmware attacks used in the wild today, including: 

• Analysis of widespread malware and ransomware
• APT campaigns targeting devices ranging from traditional laptops and servers to networking gear and VPN appliances. 
• The Big Five categories of firmware attack, with numerous examples of actively exploited vulnerabilities

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